Climate First Aid: Heat Stroke and Hypothermia

What is Heat Stroke and Why Is It So Dangerous?

Heat stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when the body cannot regulate its internal temperature and it exceeds 40°C (104°F). This can damage vital organs and, in extreme cases, be fatal. It is more common during heat waves, but it can also occur during intense physical activity in hot environments.

The most vulnerable groups are children, the elderly, people with chronic illnesses, and those who work outdoors. Recognizing the symptoms early is key to acting quickly.

Symptoms of Heat Stroke

• Hot, dry skin (without sweat, although not always).
• Confusion, dizziness, or fainting.
• Severe headache.
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Rapid, strong pulse.
• Very high body temperature.

First Aid for Heat Stroke

If you suspect someone is suffering from heat stroke, call emergency services immediately. While waiting for help, apply these steps:

1. Move the person to a cool place (shade or air conditioning).
2. Remove excess clothing and apply cold compresses to the neck, armpits, and groin.
3. Immerse in cold water if possible, or use a fan with misted water.
4. If conscious, offer small sips of cool (not cold) water without caffeine.
5. Do not give medications to reduce fever (like acetaminophen), as they do not work in this case.

What Is Hypothermia and When Does It Occur?

Hypothermia is the drop in body temperature below 35°C (95°F). It occurs when the body loses heat faster than it produces it, usually due to exposure to extreme cold, rain, or wind. It does not only affect mountaineers; it can also happen in cities during cold snaps or among homeless people.

Symptoms of Hypothermia

• Intense shivering (in early stages).
• Confusion or drowsiness.
• Slurred speech or difficulty speaking.
• Pale, cold skin.
• Weak or irregular pulse.
• In severe cases, loss of consciousness.

First Aid for Hypothermia

Hypothermia requires urgent medical attention. While waiting for help:

1. Move the person to a dry, wind-protected place.
2. Remove wet clothing and cover them with blankets or dry clothes.
3. Warm the body gradually, focusing on the torso and head (not extremities, to avoid shock).
4. If conscious, offer warm drinks without alcohol or caffeine.
5. Use body heat (such as hugging) if no thermal blankets are available.
6. Do not rub the skin or use direct heat (like hot water), as it can cause damage.

Prevention: Practical Tips for Extreme Climates

The best strategy is to avoid reaching these critical points. Whether in heat waves or extreme cold, prevention is your ally.

For Heat

• Stay hydrated constantly, even without feeling thirsty.
• Avoid intense physical activity between 11 a.m. and 4 p.m.
• Wear light, light-colored clothing and a hat.
• Seek cool, well-ventilated places.
• Never leave children or pets in parked cars.

For Cold

• Dress in layers, prioritizing thermal and insulating materials.
• Cover your head, hands, and feet, which are areas where most heat is lost.
• Stay dry: moisture accelerates heat loss.
• Consume hot, hearty foods to generate energy.
• If outdoors, seek shelter and let someone know your route.

When to Seek Urgent Medical Help

Both conditions can be fatal. Seek emergency medical attention if the person shows loss of consciousness, seizures, severe confusion, extreme body temperature (above 40°C or below 35°C), or does not improve with first aid.

Remember that first aid is temporary; definitive treatment should always be given by a professional. Being prepared and knowing these techniques can make the difference between life and death.

At Contingencias, we help you anticipate these phenomena with real-time weather alerts. Download the app and stay one step ahead of the weather.